Justice in dentistry includes informed consent and appropriate billing.

• A. Justice
• B. Autonomy
• C. Beneficence
• D. Non-maleficence

Answer: (A)

Justice is about fairness in how care is distributed and how patients are treated in the care process. When we consider informed consent, it’s about ensuring every patient has access to clear information and is able to participate in decisions without coercion or bias. That kind of fair access to information and participation is a hallmark of just practice. Likewise, appropriate billing reflects fairness in the financial aspects of care—charges should be transparent, reasonable, and non-discriminatory so patients aren’t exploited or unfairly burdened, and resources are allocated equitably.

Autonomy centers on the patient’s right to self-determination, which is related but focuses more on decision-making capacity and choices about treatment. Beneficence and non-maleficence address doing good and avoiding harm in a given action, rather than the broader, system-wide fairness and impartiality that justice emphasizes. So the statement aligns best with justice.